A Ph. D thesis at the faculty of Science at the University of Basrah (Association of PD-L1, Gal-9 and PSCA genes expression with Bladder Cancer), and showed the researcher's thesis (Anwar Noori Ayoob) to Knowing the relationship of the change in gene expression of each of the genes PSCA, Gal-9 and PD-L1 with the risk of bladder cancer, samples were collected from bladder cancer patients from the Oncology and Hematology Center of Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital, as well as control samples were collected and after extracting the RNA and converting it to cDNA, the gene expression of the previously mentioned genes was measured in the samples of patients and healthy people, and after statistical analysis, the thesis concluded that age was a significant risk factor for the development of bladder cancer with progress. OR=5 (95% CI=0.492 - 50.831)and the study showed that bladder cancer patients with a family history of the disease have a fivefolds risk of developing the disease compared to patients without a family history of the disease OR=5 (95% CI=0.97 - 25.771). The results also concluded that the gene expression of PD-L1 was seven folds higher in bladder cancer patients compared to the healthy group, and the gene expression of Gal-9 was 4.97 folds higher in bladder cancer patients, while PSCA gene expression was twice as high in bladder cancer patients compared to the healthy group. The study recommended that the sample size be larger and include other provinces of Iraq and study other types of cancer and recommended the need to study the polymorphism of the genes of the study.
